Rudolph is highly prejudiced against homeless people, and frequently blames them for societal problems—even when he has no evidence to support his claims. According to Rudolph, the homeless are responsible for high crime rates, high property values, high taxes, and even high movie theater ticket prices. Given this information, social psychologists would say that Rudolph treats the homeless as

Studies have shown that severe, punishing, or frustrating toilet training

a. leads to quicker training at an early age. b. changes a child's passive orientation to an active one. c. can have undesirable effects on personality development. d. do not cause any undesirable effects on personality development.

When a young child discovers that simply changing the shape of an object does not necessarily change the amount of the object (e.g., a flattened ball of clay contains the same amount of clay as when it was rolled into a ball), the child is showing an understanding of

a. object permanence. b. accommodation. c. assimilation. d. conservation.