The author of Final Exit, a recipe book for committing suicide, is __________

Professor Misha collects data showing a correlation between grades and happiness. He concludes that being happy helps students to get better grades. Which of the following illustrates the "directionality problem" in Professor X's conclusion?

a) Students in love may be happier and get better grades. b) Good grades may produce happiness. c) Students with poor grades may drop out of school. d) Female (or male) students may get better grades.

Which of the following is the best example of negative reinforcement?

a. being put in jail for driving while drunk b. not being allowed to go to the movies on Saturday night c. a spanking for bad behavior d. elimination of pain after taking an aspirin