Professor Misha collects data showing a correlation between grades and happiness. He concludes that being happy helps students to get better grades. Which of the following illustrates the "directionality problem" in Professor X's conclusion?
a) Students in love may be happier and get better grades.
b) Good grades may produce happiness.
c) Students with poor grades may drop out of school.
d) Female (or male) students may get better grades.
b
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Consider a study in which two different groups of rats are being exposed to exactly the same amount of painful shock. One group is able to stop the shock by pressing a bar, while the other group can do nothing to stop the shock. What would you expect to
happen in regard to the rats' stress response? a. The rats that have control will have a stronger stress response. b. The rats that have control will have a lower stress response. c. There will be no difference in stress response because the shock is equally painful for both groups. d. The painful electric shock will prevent the rats from being able to learn to press the bar.
The spongy tissue that grows out of the trophoblast layer and into the uterine lining of the mother is called the
A) blastocyst. B) neural tube. C) placenta. D) ectoderm.