Informal communication involves the sharing of unofficial information outside of the organizational chart

In the context of the external environment of a firm, which of the following statements is true of environmental scanning?

a. Managers scan their firm's environment to reduce uncertainty. b. It remains unaffected by organizational strategies. c. CEOs in poorer-performing firms scan their firms' environments more frequently than CEOs in better-performing firms. d. It is reactive in nature and leads to the detection of environmental problems after they become organizational crises.

Branch Managers from two competing firms get together for lunch and agree that they could save an advertising cost if one business closed on high-end properties in the area and the other business focus on more affordable housing. This is:

a. price-fixing. b. a tie-in Arrangement. c. Legal since it lowers costs and may benefit Consumers. d. Market allocation