Once seen as a dynamic economic powerhouse, Japan has been, since the 1990s, mired in a lingering economic recession. This has resulted in

a. a chronic budget deficit and growing national debt.
b. the government budget growing at a rate faster than the national economy.
c. government efforts to increase revenue such as raising the rate of the value added tax.
d. a sharp decline in the level of official development assistance ("foreign aid") by the government.
e. all of these.

e