A cause of behavior that is assumed to lie outside the person is termed a(n) cause

The logic behind adoption studies is that

a. only personality factors can be inherited. b. if adopted children are similar to their adoptive parents on a given characteristic, then the expression of that characteristic is likely to be influenced by genetic factors. c. only physical factors can be inherited. d. if adopted children are similar to their adoptive parents on a given characteristic, then the expression of that characteristic is likely to be influenced by environmental factors.

Regarding escape and avoidance learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Avoidance learning involves making a response in order to postpone or prevent discomfort. b. Each time a situation is avoided, the person is reinforced by a sense of relief. c. Frequent punishment discourages the occurrence of escape and avoidance learning. d. Escape learning is based on negative reinforcement.