The fact that a teen growing up during the Vietnam War will develop in a different manner than a teen growing up during the Iraq War is best explained in terms of

a. multidirectionality.
b. multiple causation.
c. plasticity

Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner’s beliefs is true?

a. Skinner advocated greater use of punishment and negative reinforcement to control behavior.
b. Skinner believed that human behavior is determined by environmental consequences, not by individual choice or free will.
c. Skinner strongly advocated the study of cognitive processes to understand behavior.
d. Skinner believed that classical conditioning was not a valid explanation of behavior.

In comparison to the typical blended family of two centuries ago, blended families today are usually more complex because they:

a. include more children under the age of 10 b. include more teenage children c. include the presence of a living former spouse d. involve much greater financial hardships