Bandura's concept of self-efficacy refers to:
A. how good an individual feels about himself or herself as a person
B. whether an individual feels he or she can successfully accomplish a task
C. whether an individual is focused on performance rather than learning
D. whether an individual is motivated by extrinsic rewards rather than intrinsic rewards
Ans: B. whether an individual feels he or she can successfully accomplish a task
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Which of the following is NOT an example of preparedness in conditioning?
a. A child learns that brushing his teeth always results in praise from his parents. b. Birds quickly learn to avoid drinking water that is the same color as water that previously made them ill. c. Baby ducklings learn to recognize their mother's sight and call as they follow her around, and soon will follow nobody but their mother. d. Rats learn to avoid drinking water with a salty taste that previously made them ill.
Four-year-old Vashid sits on the edge of the sandbox and quietly watches the other children as they make sandcastles. Vashid is displaying
a. functional play. c. onlooker play. b. lonely play. d. associative play.