At its core, the intent of the Fourteenth Amendment was to guarantee which of the following to former slaves?

A ____ is a civil wrong or injury resulting from a breach of a legal duty that exists by reason of society's expectations about appropriate behavior

a. felony b. misdemeanor c. white-collar crime d. tort e. civil rights violation

In the Gratz and Grutter cases, the Supreme Court

A) found a constitutional violation in the affirmative action plan of both the law school and the undergraduate university. B) found a constitutional violation in the law school affirmative action plan. C) found no constitutional violation. D) upheld the affirmative action plan as practiced by the law school. E) upheld the affirmative action plan as practiced by the undergraduate university.