Cliff is in the process of producing an English target text that refers to an article written in Portuguese (source text). Cliff is engaged in ________.

The stage of listening in which we assign meaning to the verbal and nonverbal messages received is

. A. selecting B. attending C. understanding D. remembering

Discuss the tensions between precision and accuracy and between reliability and accuracy. What are the tradeoffs for reliability in creating an accurate measure? What are the tradeoffs for validity in creating a highly reliable measure?

What will be an ideal response?