Presidents tend to begin their terms of office with higher approval ratings than at the end of their terms

Which of the following, if true, would indicate that grassroots lobbying is an ineffective political tactic?

a. Policy makers primarily work to satisfy the demands of their wealthiest campaign contributors. As a result, they rarely respond to broader public opinion. b. In congressional elections, incumbent candidates win at a much higher rate than challengers. c. The number of interest groups with lobbyists in Washington, D.C., has increased over the past several decades. d. The mass media tend to cover only the most dramatic and unusual news stories.

As part of a healing ceremony, Navajo sandpainters created a representation of the universe in order to help the ill return to his/her proper place in the world. In capitalism, contemporary sandpainters __________

a. are consumers who have been induced to purchase commodities by people such as advertisers, entertainers, marketing specialists and others in a capitalist culture b. are those in the society who create a consumer society in which buying commodities becomes the duty of the consumer c. express values through stories and chants associated with their cultural heritage in an attempt to restore harmony to the world d. are expressionist artists