Schaie's finding that successive generations improve in reasoning skills but decline in number skills is an example of a ______ effect

Computer programmers often use binary codes (strings of 1s and 0s) to write programs for computers. These codes are then changed into patterns that the computer recognizes as words, pictures, sounds, and so forth. Which process does this most resemble in humans and other animals?

a. Transduction b. Bottom-up processing c. Top-down processing d. Conversion

According to Freud, defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to reduce our feelings of ___________

A) denial B) anxiety C) repression D) isolation