Computer programmers often use binary codes (strings of 1s and 0s) to write programs for computers. These codes are then changed into patterns that the computer recognizes as words, pictures, sounds, and so forth. Which process does this most resemble in humans and other animals?

Suppose that you are listening to your professor's description of the layout of several buildings in a city. If the discussion of mental maps can be applied to your representation of this city, it is most likely that

a. you will store this information in a passive fashion, without creating a cognitive map. b. your cognitive map will represent the distances as being larger than they really are. c. you will construct a cognitive map to represent the arrangement of buildings. d. your cognitive map will be highly inaccurate.

Karl sees a stranger drop a package on a busy Copenhagen street. Across the ocean in New York City, Carl sees something similar. Who is more likely to help?

a. Karl, because helping others is a cultural norm in Copenhagen. b. Carl, because helping others is a cultural norm in New York City. c. Karl, because Copenhagen is less crowded than New York City d. Carl, because Americans are more helpful than Danes.