A researcher tests the hypothesis that students will have better recall of words printed in color versus words printed in black on a white background. To test this hypothesis, the researcher has students observe a screen with half the words in color and half the work in black. The screen is turned off after 30 s, and participants are asked to record all words they can recall. The mean number of colored- versus black-printed words correctly recalled was compared. Which type of parametric test is appropriate for analysis in this research situation?

Before entering first grade, little Mina used to love to read books. Once school started, her teacher began a program to motivate her students to read. She began to give stars to those children who finished a new book. As a result, Mina no longer reads while she is at home. What has likely occurred?

A) Mina's intrinsic motivation decreased. B) Mina's extrinsic motivation decreased. C) Mina's intrinsic motivation was unchanged. D) Mina's intrinsic motivation was increased.

Which of the following best describes a questionnaire with a closed-question format?

a. observing people and recording their behavior either through filming or through written records b. participants are allowed to state their own responses following the question c. researchers spend a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study, often by actually living among them d. participants are provided with specific responses to choose from