Which of the following STIs have been recognized for the longest time and was recorded in writing by ancient historians?

Three-year-old Mohammad loves to pour sand from one bucket to another bucket. He never tires of this simple, repetitive activity. Mohammad is displaying

a. functional play. c. onlooker play. b. constructive play. d. parallel play.

Fred gives his dog a treat each time the dog looks to the left. After a while, Fred only gives a treat when the dog takes a step to the left. Finally, Fred gives a treat only when the dog turns completely around. This situation is an example of

a) shaping. b) extinction. c) classical conditioning. d) negative reinforcement.