The study of individual differences
a. has been actively studied by experimental psychologists.
b. began because of important practical decisions that had to be made about people.
c. is concerned with differences between individual groups in society.
d. concerns the effects of experimental manipulations on personality.
B
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Which of the following statements about age-related differences in Schaie's five primary abilities is true?
Only one of the abilities increases from ages 20 to 50. Cohort effects may have been the result of younger generations completing more education taught by educators who valued logic over facts. After age 35, there were moderate decreases in all of the abilities. Each successive cohort tended to score lower than previous generations in verbal memory and inductive reasoning but higher in number ability.
A boy is teaching his younger sister how to make her bed. At first, he tells her she did a good job if she gets the bedspread pulled up, even if the sheets are still rumpled. Each following day,
he encourages her to be a little neater before telling her she did a good job. The boy may not know it, but he is using a. secondary reinforcement. b. primary reinforcement. c. a fixed-interval schedule. d. shaping by successive approximations.