A boy is teaching his younger sister how to make her bed. At first, he tells her she did a good job if she gets the bedspread pulled up, even if the sheets are still rumpled. Each following day,

he encourages her to be a little neater before telling her she did a good job. The boy may not know it, but he is using

a. secondary reinforcement.
b. primary reinforcement.
c. a fixed-interval schedule.
d. shaping by successive approximations.

Answer: d. shaping by successive approximations.

Psychology

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Maternal sensitivity-responsivity has been found to be reduced by

a. living in a safe neighborhood. b. food insecurity. c. an upper-middle-class lifestyle. d. low marital conflict.

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