The presence of systemic and pulmonary inflammatory mediators from mechanical lung injury further contributing to the development of VILI and MODS is termed __________

A. barotrauma
B. biotrauma
C. atelectrauma
D. volutrauma

?ANS: B
A. Incorrect response: Barotrauma is defined as the presence of air in the pleural space from pneumothoraces, pneumomediastinum, and pulmonary interstitial emphysema.
B. Correct response: Biotrauma develops with increases in pulmonary and systemic inflammatory mediators from mechanical lung further contributing to the development of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).
C. Incorrect response: Atelectrauma is lung injury resulting from mechanical stresses associated with repetitive alveolar collapse and reopening.
D. Incorrect response: Volutrauma is lung injury resulting from mechanical stretch, which leads to alveolar-capillary barrier disruption, and increases in endothelial and epithelial permeability.