If the supply curve of cigarettes shifts to the left, quantity demanded for cigarettes

It has been hypothesized that the productivity slowdown could have been caused by all of the following except

a. lower worldwide money growth. b. lower technology growth. c. higher oil prices. d. increased government regulation.

Even ideal cartels tend to be unstable because

a. firms typically prefer competition to collusion as competition, because it leads to more profits. b. collusion leads to lowest possible overall profits in the industry. c. oligopolistic managers are extremely risk loving. d. firms can benefit by secretly selling more than they promised the other firms e. all of the above