Substitutes
ex:
Task feedback
Training & experience
Professionalism
Staff support
Group cohesion
Intrinsic satisfaction
reduce the importance of the leader while simultaneously providing a direct benefit to employee performance.
For example, a cohesive work group can provide its own sort of governing behaviors, making the leader less relevant, while providing its own source of motivation and job satisfaction.
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The _____ theory of the press assumes that opposing viewpoints will be heard
a. social responsibility b. cultural diversity c. libertarian d. marketplace of ideas
The effects of media violence include behavioral effects, such as aggressive behavior, as well as:
a. physiological effects b. emotional effects c. cognitive effects d. all of the above