The minimum or maximum value that one would expect the test statistic to yield if the null hypothesis is true is an example of which of the following?

Which of the following laws would most likely be found unconstitutional by a federal court?

a. A law that distinguishes among persons on the basis of race b. A law that distinguishes among persons on the basis of whether they receive welfare assistance c. A law that distinguishes among persons on the basis of education level d. A law that distinguishes among persons on the basis of sexual orientation e. A law that distinguishes among persons on the basis of age

What can be inferred from a district in which one party has a clear majority of voters?

a. An open seat is likely. b. A safe seat is likely. c. Reapportionment is likely. d. Strong challengers are likely.