You tie a short length of string to a small ring and hold this ring at eye level, about a foot from your face. By focusing on the ring, you are able to make the ring swing back and forth. You are surprised by this automatic micromovement of your fingers. You most likely have experienced a(n) __________

The facial-feedback hypothesis is defined as __________

a) the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed. b) a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all of which are shaped by cultural rules. c) an irrational aspect of our mammalian heritage that no longer has an adaptive function in human behavior. d) a set of social and cultural rules that regulates when, how, and where a person may express (or must suppress) emotions.

A variation of the counterconditioning procedure developed by Watson and Jones has been used to treat adult phobias. This variation is called:

a. positive reinforcement. b. intermittent reinforcement. c. systematic desensitization. d. shaping.