Which of the following types of high-frequency ventilation involves the delivery of pulsations under pressure through a small lumen at rates of 1.7 to 10 Hz?
a. Jet c. Positive-pressure
b. Oscillatory d. Flow interruption
ANS: A
High-frequency jet ventilation operates by passing gas from a high-pressure source through a var-iable regulator that reduces the pressure to the desired working level. The gas passes through a device, usually a solenoid or a fluidic valve, which governs the amount and duration of flow. The gas jet is delivered through a specially made triple-lumen endotracheal tube, which is similar to conventional endotracheal tubes except that two additional small lines are added. One line is for delivering jet ventilation, and the other is for monitoring distal airway pressures.
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Which of the following statements regarding sudden cardiac arrest and ventricular fibrillation is correct?
A) For each minute that defibrillation is delayed, the chance of survival decreases by as much as 10%. B) High-quality CPR often reverses ventricular fibrillation if it is initiated within 2 minutes of the onset. C) Most patients develop ventricular fibrillation within 10 minutes after the onset of sudden cardiac arrest. D) Patients with ventricular fibrillation are typically unconscious, are apneic, and have a weak and irregular pulse.
The erratic pattern of eddies and streams caused by the turbulent flow of high-velocity gases moving through small airways and their bifurcations is caused by which of the following?
a. Pendelluft c. Taylor dispersion b. Gas streaming d. Molecular diffusion