Any use of classical or operant conditioning to directly alter human behavior is called

Daniel failed a math test. Upon receiving his grade, Daniel believed that he must be bad at math and therefore would fail the class, be unable to get into college, and would have to work in fast food for the rest of his life. Daniel is exhibiting

a. overgeneralization b. arbitrary inference c. magnification and minimization d. selective thinking

Of the following, which is NOT a descriptive research method?

a) a case study b) a naturalistic observation c) a survey d) an experiment