The research hypothesis is always the opposite of the null

Former U.S. Speaker of the House, Thomas "Tip" O'Neill, once declared, "All politics is local." Which of the following is inferred from this statement?

a. Politics takes place entirely at the local level. b. The effect of locally based groups on public policy at the local level is minimal. c. Local politics seldom has an effect on national politics. d. Government at the grass roots level is the fountainhead of state, national, and global politics.

Discrimination in stores, hotels, and restaurants became illegal, as did racist practices in hiring and promotion, with the passage of which?

a. The bad tendency test b. LAPS test c. The Fourteenth Amendment d. Jim Crow laws e. Civil Rights Act of 1964