Alertness, decreased fatigue, improved ability to concentrate, and elevated mood are most common to low doses of

At the close of the nineteenth century, Gerhard is excited to find that he has been accepted for training in the psychology laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt. It is likely that Gerhard will be trained to

A) analyze how to break down his sensations into their most basic elements. B) determine the function or purpose of a particular human behavior. C) listen intently while individuals tell him of their depression or nervousness. D) carefully feel the bumps on a person's head in order to determine his or her character traits.

Monkeys will happily open locks that are placed in their cages. Because no reward is given for this activity, their opening of the locks provides evidence for the existence of

a. stimulus motives. b. cyclic drives. c. biological motives. d. deprivation incentives.