How did the decisions of Gratz v. Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger answer the question of whether promoting diversity was grounds enough to support the constitutionality of affirmative action?
a. It was in the government's best interest to promote educational diversity, and race could be heavily weighted in making an admission decision.
b. It was in the government's best interest to equally balance educational diversity with all other factors in making an admission decision.
c. It was in the government's best interest to promote educational diversity, as long as admission decisions were not heavily influenced by race considerations.
d. It was in the government's best interest to make race a predominant factor in making an admission decision.
c
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According to Jeffrey Birnbaum, a central paradox of Washington life is that lobbyists
a. are much less influential than most people think. b. are corrupt but generally enjoy a good reputation. c. generally focus their attention on Congress, but policy is ultimately shaped by the bureaucracy. d. are highly compensated and influential, but they occupy an underclass in the capital.
Which of the following is the main reason interest groups are often successful in getting legislation passed to benefit their members?
a. It is easy to garner support from most members of Congress on any issue. b. All members of society desire the legislation that special interests pursue. c. It is very easy to get legislation passed in Congress. d. A narrow constituency derives the benefits from such legislation but the costs are spread broadly across the population. e. Interest group activity represents the democratic process at work because individual interest groups often represent more than half the population.