Jillian is conducting a case study based on a subject who has a rare type of brain disorder. Jillian is concerned that, as she interviews this patient, she may interpret the patient's responses in a way that tends to favor her hypotheses

Which of the following examples would be most comparable to the word superiority effect if we were to apply this phenomenon to hearing?

a. You can identify a particular phoneme more readily if it is embedded in a word than if you hear that same phoneme in isolation. b. If you are right-handed, you can identify a spoken word more readily if it is spoken in your right ear, rather than your left ear. c. You can hear a spoken word more accurately when you see the written pattern at the same time, but this does not apply to smaller segments, such as individual letters. d. You can recognize and remember short words more readily than long words in a conversation.

Which component of the human information-processing system functions as executive?

working memory knowledge base tertiary memory control processes