Which of the following economic effects of unions tends to improve efficiency?

What is the value of the intra-industry trade index for an industry in which exports are $100 million and imports are $100 million?

a. 100/200 = 0.50 b. (100 + 100)/100 = 2.00 c. 100/[1/2 × (100 + 100)] = 1.00 d. (100 - 100)/100 = 0.00

A detailed history of business cycles is known as a

A) historical decomposition. B) trend analysis. C) Hodrick—Prescott filter. D) business cycle chronology.