According to Robert Putnam, the conduct of trade policy is a prime example of a “two-level game” because _______.

a. multinational corporations exert a substantial impact on members of Congress and other elected officials, so these lawmakers have little say in the negotiation process for new trade policies
b. the terms of the prospective trade agreement must be agreeable to both foreign leaders and domestic stakeholders, meaning negotiators must work to resolve everyone’s concerns, and both foreign governments and domestic actors must recognize the benefits of expanded trade
c. although trade agreements are negotiated by officials in the executive branch and ratified by Congress, multinational corporations have little influence over the process and are forced to negotiate with one another
d. the terms of the prospective trade agreement must be approved not only by the parties involved but also by international organizations such as the World Trade Organization, thus forcing signatories to demonstrate how the trade arrangement benefits the global economy

b. the terms of the prospective trade agreement must be agreeable to both foreign leaders and domestic stakeholders, meaning negotiators must work to resolve everyone’s concerns, and both foreign governments and domestic actors must recognize the benefits of expanded trade