According to the author, the actual decision to initiate a conflict usually is preceded by

All courts rely heavily upon ________-the way similar cases were handled in the past-as a guide to current decisions.

A) writs of certiorari B) writs of mandamus C) precedent D) original intent E) amicus curiae

The U.S. Courts of Appeals are arranged ______.

a. in the major cities of the United States (New York, Philadelphia, Atlanta, Dallas, Chicago, Phoenix, and Los Angeles) b. in four circuits, with one each in the north, south, east, and west c. in fifty courts, with one in each state d. in twelve circuits covering the District of Columbia and geographic groupings of states e. entirely within Washington, D.C.