The rational/theoretical model of test construction requires developers to start with a clear idea of a trait and then design items that assess the trait according to that idea. This approach differs from the __________ in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups and examine which items best distinguish them from each other.

In the United States, to keep conversation flowing, individuals often rely on _________ such as "um," "you know," and "like" when looking for the right word or phrase

a. conjunctions b. filler words c. connectors d. spacing words

As children develop their skill with conversational discourse over the first few years of life, they begin to:

A. initiate more topics using speech rather than gesture. B. tailor their responses to the specific questions being asked. C. revise the way they phrase a message when a miscommunication has occurred. D. all of the above are ways in which children's conversational skill develops over the first few years of life.