To give research participants a verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study after the study has occurred is called __________

Dr. Simmons has found a strong positive correlation between watching violent cartoons on TV and children's levels of aggression toward others. What can be concluded from this research?

a. Violent TV causes aggressive behavior in children. b. Aggressive behavior causes children to watch more violent TV. c. Violent TV viewing and aggressive behavior are unrelated. d. Watching violent television and children's aggression are related, but possibly not causally.

If we make a stressful primary appraisal, we then make interpretations of the situation as:

A. irrelevant and positive B. harm/loss, threat, and challenge C. dispositional D. arousing