A serious problem that can lead to suicide or a major impairment of emotional functioning, which requires professional help, is

Results of laboratory experiments with adults (Bower & Hilgard, 1981) suggest the one reason why threats of punishment do not seem to deter violent crime in the "real world" is that in the criminal justice system, punishment is

A) seen as unavoidable. B) seldom prompt or certain. C) seldom administered fairly. D) seldom severe enough. E) excessively harsh.

When a stimulus is removed from a person or animal, resulting in a decrease in the probability of response, it is known as _____

A) positive punishment B) negative punishment C) punishing reinforcement D) negative reinforcement