People tend to make different decisions when they focus on what they might gain from an action rather than what they might lose. This is an effect of __________

The best way to avoid the placebo effect in research is to:

A) keep the participants "blind" as to which participant group they are in. B) use adequate debriefing before the research is conducted. C) wait until after the research is complete before garnering informed consent. D) using better methods of deception (consistent with research ethics) in the experiment.

Suppose you're driving on a two-lane road on a very snowy night where the highway divider cannot be seen. However, in your mind, you're able to reconstruct where the divider should be. This example illustrates ________

a) middle-up processing b) top-down processing c) bottom-up processing d) a perceptual set