Is party discipline normally higher when open party lists are used or when closed party lists are used in proportional representation systems?

Suppose you are a regular listener of a public radio station, but you never donate any time or money to support the station's operation. This is an example of __________

a. apathy b. Downs' paradox c. individual expression d. a collective action problem

The budget process varies in its timing each year with the strength of the economy and tax receipts

Indicate whether the statement is true or false