Shanda is afraid of failing one of her final exams, primarily because she thinks the professor gives hard exams and so, no matter how hard she studies, it won't matter. Cognitive theorists would suggest Shanda has an:

A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye. Later, he blinks when he hears the tone. Before ending the experiment, what should the researcher do to extinguish the blinking to that tone?

a) increase the loudness of the tone b) present the tone alone repeatedly c) present the puff of air alone repeatedly d) increase the amount of air that is directed toward the eye

An important distinction between the theories of Watson and Skinner is that while Watson focused on children's reflexive responses to stimuli, Skinner pointed out that children also

A) learn by observation. B) learn through the consequences of their actions. C) differ fundamentally in how they develop across cultures. D) have a set of inherited instincts that guide the learning process.