Speech which damages a person's reputation is called

When researchers study federalism in practice (de facto federalism), what measure do they use to estimate how centralized a country is?

A. The effective number of parties. B. The central government’s share of tax revenue. C. The number of regional subunits in the country.

Each level of the dual court system has three tiers: trial, appellate, and which of the following?

   a. supreme  b. circuit  c. criminal  d. civil