In Smith v. Allwright (1944), the Supreme Court declared that the _____ violated the Fifteenth Amendment

What has been the effect of requirements that agencies conduct a formal hearing before issuing rules?

a. Criticism of rules is increased because the public is more informed. b. Public input typically speeds up the process. c. The courts tend to give greater deference to agency decisions. d. The president becomes more directly involved in the procedure.

A lobbyist routinely emails, telephones, and meets with a group of moderate congressmen regarding his interest group. This communication is called

a. indirect lobbying. b. direct lobbying. c. blitzing. d. contracting. e. public interest lobbying.