Which of the following would be considered a one-time expense?

The rapid rise in oil prices during 2007-2008 can be explained by noting the fact that

a. the supply of oil increased more rapidly than the demand for oil increased b. the demand for oil increased more rapidly than the supply for oil increased c. the demand for oil decreased at the same time that the supply of oil increased d. the quantity demanded of oil increased more rapidly than the quantity supplied of oil increased e. the quantity supplied of oil increased more rapidly than the quantity demanded of oil increased

If the market equilibrium value of the nominal exchange rate equals 0.20 U.S. dollars per franc, but the franc is officially fixed at 0.25 U.S. dollars per franc, then the franc exchange rate is ________ and to maintain this exchange rate there will be ________ in the government's stock of international reserves.

A. undervalued; a net decline B. overvalued; a net increase C. undervalued; a net increase D. overvalued; a net decline