In the last 10 years, the teenage birth rate has dropped by

Dawn has just turned thirteen years old, and she recently experienced menarche. If Dawn becomes sexually active, will she be at risk for pregnancy?

A) Possibly. Although irregular menstrual cycles are the norm for some time, pregnancy is still possible. B) Not likely, as irregular menstrual cycles signal the absence of ovulation. C) No. The irregularity of menstrual cycles after menarche means that it would be impossible to have intercourse during an ovulatory cycle. D) Probably not. She would be too young to get pregnant.

When psychologist Kyle Conlon and his colleagues reviewed previously published studies before beginning their own research on weight loss and noted that both goal-focused and achievement-focused approaches were popular, they were completing which ste

a. making observations b. testing a hypothesis c. theory building d. defining the problem