At the Center for Aging and Wellness, a researcher gave Dolores a sheet of paper. It explained the research study in detail, why it was being conducted, and any possible impacts on subjects. If Dolores understood the study process and found it acceptable, she would need to sign the paper in order to participate in the research. Which of the following terms does this scenario describe?

Cultural-familial retardation refers to intellectual disability caused by

A) a recessive gene found within certain ethnic minority groups. B) the lack of educational support and stimulation. C) chromosome abnormalities identified within certain family constellations. D) environmental toxins highly concentrated in certain regions of the country.

You have observed that there is more litter around signs that say "$500 fine for littering" than around signs that say "Please keep our state clean." What social psychological theory would you use to explain this observation?

a. reactance theory b. cognitive dissonance theory c. attitude inoculation theory d. elaboration likelihood model