Which of the following was the earliest type of money?

Suppose the Social Security Administration would like to guarantee the purchasing power of social security payments to the elderly does not diminish

That is, the real value of the payments does not decrease. The CPI in 1990 was 130.7 and the CPI in 1998 was 163.0. How much does the Social Security Administration need to increase payments from 1990 to 1998 to accomplish this objective?

Loopholes have the effect of

a. encouraging particular patterns of behavior and favoring particular types of people. b. eroding the progressivity of the income tax. c. altering the pattern of economic incentives. d. All of the above are correct.