Federal agencies are prohibited from engaging in quasi-judicial processes

Researchers operationalize variables because:

a. comparative analysis requires quantification of variables. b. to do comparative analysis we need specific, concrete alternatives to use in place of such abstract concepts as wealth and health. c. doing so makes political science research more accessible to the public. d. doing so helps make political science a real science.

Many interest groups encourage membership by

a. advertising monetary gain for active members. b. coercing employers into hiring only group members. c. offering political favors to elected officials who bring in new members. d. providing selective incentives to members. e. threatening those who choose not to join.