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Which of the following statements is true of the two-step approach to mass communications?

A) The influence of mass media on public opinion is more direct, powerful, and automatic than marketers have supposed. B) Communications through mass media bypasses opinion leaders and reaches the individual buyers. C) The two-step flow supports the notion that consumption styles are primarily influenced by a "trickle-down" or "trickle-up" effect from mass media. D) According to the two-step flow, people interact primarily within their own social groups and acquire ideas from opinion leaders in their groups. E) Two-step communication suggests that mass communicators should direct messages to groups of buyers who interpret the message and act accordingly.

If a firm has publicly traded debt then the yield to maturity is approximately the same as:

A) the after-tax cost of debt. B) the before-tax cost of debt. C) the 10-year Treasury bond rate. D) the WACC.