_______ occurs when the body becomes physiologically dependent on a substance; removing the substance causes withdrawal symptoms

Prolonged and excessive exposure to ________ as a result of long term stress has negative effects on the body

A) cortisol B) epinephrine C) ACTH D) CRH

When Chicago experienced very high rates of cholera and typhoid fever in the mid-1800s, who primarily defined and developed solutions to the problems?

A) the state level environmental protection agency B) the federal level environmental protection agency C) public health officials and engineers D) environmental scientists and lawyers