Prolonged exposure to ______ as a result of early stress or trauma may have neurotoxic effects on the developing brain

_____ is the understanding that one thing—an object, a word, a drawing—can stand for another

a) Naïve idealism b) Symbolic function c) Reversibility d) Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Which of the following is a criticism of learning models of behavior?

a. Learning models have not put enough emphasis on measuring observable behaviors. b. Behaviorism cannot explain the richness of human experience. c. Learning theorists do not apply scientific principles in their understanding of behavior. d. Learning models do not pay adequate attention to the influence available reinforcement in the individual's environment.