A disadvantage of longitudinal research is that some types of generalizations can be made only to cohorts of the research participants

Arnie was in a severe car accident while he was turning at an intersection. He now tenses up and grips the steering wheel tightly whenever he approaches an intersection. In this case, what would be the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

a. driving b. turning while in a car c. car accident d. intersections

What is the most likely reason for the involvement of African American grandfathers with their grandchildren?

a) African Americans have larger families and more grandchildren. b) African Americans have more multigenerational families than white American families, and grandparents play a role in childrearing. c) African American families lack a sufficient number of male role models, since a high percentage are single-parent, multigenerational families. d) African American males suffer a higher level of unemployment, and therefore have more time for family matters and childrearing.