Small metal disks are pasted onto Ruby's scalp, and they are connected by wire to a machine that translates the electrical energy from her brain into wavy lines on a moving piece of paper. From this description, it is evident that Ruby's brain is being studied through the use of __________.

Studies of children's memory show that rehearsal

a. is a highly effective memory strategy. b. is more likely in older children than in younger children. c. often occurs spontaneously in children as young as 2. d. is only helpful on long-term-memory tasks.

Which of the following is a therapy based on the principles of classical conditioning?

a. systematic desensitization b. contingency contract c. token economy d. reinforcement e. applied behavioral analysis