President Obama's proposal to stem carbon dioxide emissions through a cap-and-trade system illustrates the use ofa(n)__________ in the design of public policies

Elites respond to interest group protests by

a. making symbolic gestures to pacify active protestors. b. ignoring them. c. discouraging nonviolent protests. d. applying negative labels to those interest groups.

If American democracy were judged by voter turnout, how would it be evaluated?